This paper provides a comprehensive examination of the current state of labor productivity facing the Russian Federation in the new economic reality following the imposition of harsh sanctions by Western countries. It also provides a detailed analysis of key structural issues, such as acute technology shortages in critical sectors, disruptions to established supply chains, and a shortage of skilled labor, which collectively hinder the country's dynamic development. Particular attention is paid to comprehensive solutions to these challenges, which the Russian government is currently actively pursuing. Specific measures for accelerated import substitution, targeted government support for key industries (IT, mechanical engineering, and the agro-industrial complex), and stimulation of domestic investment in the non-resource sector are examined in detail, as well as workforce retraining and digitalization programs aimed at overcoming emerging challenges and shaping a new, sustainable economic growth model.