The article is devoted to the systematic management of overdue debts of a commercial bank in the context of fluctuations in economic activity, variability in household and business incomes, and structural changes in the labor market. It is shown that overdue debts, defined as unfulfilled financial obligations of the borrower, have a multi-channel impact on the stability of banks: they worsen liquidity, increase the need for reserves, reduce profitability, and limit lending to the real sector. The need for the integration of preventive, operational, and legal mechanisms throughout the debt management cycle has been substantiated, from early warning and personalized communications to restructuring, non-judicial and judicial collection, and post-restructuring monitoring. The article clarifies the typical gradations of overdue payments by duration and their significance for assessing non-performing assets and the likelihood of default. It shows that the effectiveness of management is determined by the quality of the initial credit policy, correct portfolio segmentation, timely identification of risk deterioration, targeted interventions, and legal stability of decisions. The article also highlights the role of the Bank of Russia's regulatory framework in terms of reserves, risk management, and information disclosure, as well as the significance of civil law mechanisms for protecting the rights of borrowers and creditors. Micro- and macro-factors of delinquency formation have been identified, including income, employment, inflation, real rates, product parameters, and underwriting standards, as well as regional differences related to seasonality and industry structure. Practical recommendations have been formulated to strengthen preventive policies, develop early warning, adapt procedures regionally, improve legal sustainability and improve the system of metrics. It is concluded that a sustainable result is achieved through the coherence of credit policy, settlement and control, as well as continuous improvement of methods and independent assessment of performance.