The article is devoted to a comprehensive analysis of the transformation of social and labor relations under the influence of artificial intelligence technologies in the digital economy. Structural changes in employment caused by automation and algorithmization of production and management processes, including the effects of substitution and the creation of new tasks, are considered. It is shown that the introduction of AI leads to a redistribution of functions between humans and machines, the polarization of the labor market and the growth of non-standard forms of employment, including platform and project work. Special attention is paid to the spread of algorithmic management, changing the balance of power in labor relations and strengthening digital control. The impact of AI on qualification requirements, the formation of human capital and the transition to a continuous learning model is analyzed. The necessity of institutional adaptation of labor legislation and the social protection system to new technological conditions is substantiated. The conclusion is made about the systemic and multilevel nature of labor transformation and the key role of an interdisciplinary approach in the study of these processes.