student
In this article, we will examine how an unmanned aerial vehicle can independently determine altitude and land gently — even when GPS is not working. We explain what allows an ordinary camera to become an altimeter, and how pixel movement in the frame helps calculate how quickly the drone is approaching the ground. The article describes the physics of UAV vertical motion control and the procedure for noise elimination and smoothing using a simple recursive filter. We also present a comprehensive calculation of landing parameters considering various criteria. In the concluding section of this work, we compare the cost of different equipment used by unmanned aerial vehicles for landing execution and draw a corresponding conclusion regarding the economic benefit of using a specific landing method
unmanned aerial vehicle, altitude estimation, optical flow, landing marker, flight altitude, satellite navigation
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